Human immunodeficiency virus  (HIV/AIDS)  treatment has turned the disease into a manageable chronic condition, but it brings a hidden risk: increased cardiovascular disease (CVD).

According to WHO 36.7 million people are living with HIV and 1.8 million new cases every year the aging HIV population faces CVD risks. By 2030, 73% of those with HIV will be over 50, and 78% will experience cardiovascular issues like heart attacks, heart failure, and stroke. Addressing this hidden risk is crucial for improving long-term health outcomes in HIV-positive individuals.

Understanding the link

1. Chronic inflammation: HIV causes chronic inflammation and immune system activation, even when viral loads are suppressed. This persistent inflammation can damage blood vessels and contribute to the development of atherosclerosis, a condition where arteries become clogged with plaque, leading to heart disease. Studies have shown that people living with HIV have a higher prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and are more likely to experience heart attacks and strokes compared to the general population.
2. Antiretroviral therapy (ART): With the advent of Antiretroviral Therapy (ART), people with HIV are living longer, but they faced an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Studies have shown that people suffering from HIV infection are now at higher risk of acute myocardial infarction, ischemic strokes, heart failure. Despite a decrease in overall mortality among people with HIV over the past decade, CVD-related deaths have significantly risen. While ART is crucial for controlling HIV and preventing the progression to AIDS, some antiretroviral drugs have been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular problems.
3. Traditional Risk factor: People with HIV faces Traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Such as Hypertension, Diabetes at higher risk. These factors can be exacerbated by HIV itself or by ART. Lifestyle factors, including smoking and lack of physical activity, also contribute to the increased cardiovascular risk observed in this population.

Strategies and Management

1. Lifestyle Modifications: Encouraging healthy lifestyle choices is essential. This includes promoting a balanced diet, regular physical activity, smoking cessation, and moderation in alcohol consumption. These changes can help mitigate the impact of both HIV and traditional cardiovascular risk factors.