As we observe TB Awareness Day, it is crucial to shed light on tuberculosis (TB), a disease that affects millions globally. Tuberculosis remains a significant public health challenge, with over 10 million new cases reported each year worldwide. This infectious disease, primarily targeting the lungs but capable of impacting other parts of the body, continues to cause considerable morbidity and mortality despite advances in medical science. By understanding TB’s symptoms, causes, and treatment options, we can better equip ourselves to combat this persistent health threat and support those affected. Let us get into what TB is, how it spreads, and the importance of timely treatment in managing and eventually eradicating this disease.

What is Tuberculosis (TB)?

• Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lungs but can also impact other parts of the body, such as the kidneys, spine, and brain. TB is a serious infectious disease and can be life-threatening if not treated properly.

Symptoms of TB

TB can present in two forms: latent TB and active TB.

1. Latent TB: This is when the bacteria are present in the body but not causing symptoms. Individuals with latent TB are not infectious but can develop active TB later if their immune system weakens.
2. Active TB: This form is symptomatic and can be spread to others. Symptoms include:
   • Persistent cough lasting more than three weeks
   • Coughing up blood or sputum (phlegm)
   • Chest pain
   • Fever
   • Night sweats
   • Weight loss
   • Fatigue
   • Loss of appetite

How is TB Caused?

• TB is spread through the air when a person with active TB coughs, sneezes, or talks. The bacteria released into the air and can be inhaled by others. Factors that increase the risk of contracting TB include:
• Close contact with someone who has active TB.
• Weakened immune system (due to conditions like HIV/AIDS, diabetes, or use of immunosuppressive drugs)
• Living in crowded or unsanitary conditions
• Substance abuse

Treatment of TB

TB treatment involves a combination of antibiotics taken for a prolonged period, typically 6 to 9 months. The exact regimen can vary depending on the strain of TB and the patient’s overall health. In cases where TB has spread to the brain, spinal cord, or the area surrounding the heart, additional treatment with steroid medications may be necessary for several weeks to manage inflammation and other complications.

For those with latent TB—where the bacteria are present but not causing active symptoms—a shorter course of antibiotics, lasting between 3 to 6 months, is recommended. This preventive treatment helps stop the progression of active TB and reduces the risk of transmission. Understanding these treatment options is essential for effective management and prevention of TB.